Yimuphi umehluko ekusebenzeni kwemishini yokuncibilikisa igolide ekuncibilikiseni izinsimbi ezahlukene?

Ezimbonini eziningi ezinjengokwenza insimbi nokukhiqiza ubucwebe, umshini wokuncibilikisa udlala indima ebalulekile. Ngenxa yezakhiwo zazo eziyingqayizivele zomzimba namakhemikhali, izinsimbi ezihlukene zibonisa umehluko omkhulu lapho zincibilika ngomshini oncibilikayo. Ukuqonda lo mehluko kubaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni izinqubo zokuncibilikisa, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza, kanye nokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo.

1.Uhlolojikelele lwezimo zensimbi ezincibilikayo ezijwayelekile

(1) Igolide

Igolide liyinsimbi ene-ductility enhle nokuzinza kwamakhemikhali, enephuzu elincibilikayo elicishe libe ngu-1064.43 ℃. Igolide linombala osagolide nokuthungwa okuthambile, futhi lisetshenziswa kakhulu emikhakheni esezingeni eliphezulu njengobucwebe nezinto zikagesi. Ngenxa yenani layo eliphakeme, izidingo eziqinile zibekwe ekuhlanzekeni nasekulawuleni ukulahlekelwa ngesikhathi senqubo yokuncibilikisa.

(2) Isiliva

Iphoyinti lokuncibilika lesiliva ngu-961.78 ℃, elingaphansi kancane kunelegolide. Ine-conductivity enhle kakhulu kanye ne-thermal conductivity, futhi isetshenziswa kabanzi embonini nasekukhiqizeni ubucwebe. Isiliva linezici zamakhemikhali ezisebenza ngokuqhathaniswa futhi lithambekele kakhulu ekusabelaneni nomoya-mpilo osemoyeni phakathi nenqubo yokuncibilikisa, kwakheka ama-oxide.

(3) Ithusi

Indawo yokuncibilika yethusi icishe ibe ngu-1083.4 ℃, futhi inokuqhuba kahle, ukuqhutshwa kwe-thermal, kanye nezakhiwo zemishini. Isetshenziswa kakhulu emikhakheni efana nemboni kagesi, ukukhiqiza imishini, kanye nokwakha. I-Copper ijwayele ukumunca amagesi afana ne-hydrogen ngesikhathi sokuncibilika, okuthinta ikhwalithi yokusakazwa.

(4) Ingxube ye-Aluminium

Ingxubevange ye-Aluminium iwuhlobo olusetshenziswa kakhulu lwesakhiwo sensimbi engeyona insimbi embonini, enephuzu lokuncibilika ngokuvamile eliphakathi kuka-550 ℃ no-650 ℃, elihluka ngokuya ngokwakhiwa kwengxubevange. Ingxubevange ye-aluminium inokuminyana okuphansi, kodwa amandla aphezulu nokumelana nokugqwala okuhle. Inqubo yokuncibilika idinga ukulawula okuqinile kwengxenye yezakhi ze-alloy kanye nezinga lokushisa elincibilikayo.

I-2.Isimiso sokusebenza kanye nemingcele yezobuchwepheshe yomshini wokuncibilika kanye nomthelela wabo ekuncibilikeni

Imishini encibilikayo ivamise ukusebenzisa umgomo wokungeniswa kwe-electromagnetic ukuze ikhiqize amandla asetshenziswayo ezintweni zensimbi ngokusebenzisa inkambu kazibuthe eshintshanayo. Ukushisa kwe-Joule okukhiqizwa yimanje kushisa ngokushesha futhi kuncibilikise insimbi. Imingcele yezobuchwepheshe efana namandla kanye nemvamisa yomshini wokuncibilika idlala indima ebalulekile emthelela wokuncibilika wezinsimbi ezahlukene.

(1) Amandla

Lapho amandla ephakama, umshini wokuncibilika ukhiqiza ukushisa okwengeziwe ngesikhathi seyunithi ngayinye, futhi lapho insimbi ishisa ngokushesha, okungathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokuncibilika. Ezinsimbi ezifana negolide nethusi ezinamaphoyinti aphezulu okuncibilika, umshini wokuncibilikisa amandla aphezulu uyadingeka ukuze kuzuzwe ukuncibilika ngokushesha. Kodwa-ke, kuma-alloys e-aluminium anamaphuzu aphansi okuncibilika, amandla amaningi angabangela ukushisa kwendawo, okuthinta ukufana kokwakheka kwe-alloy.

(2) Imvamisa

Imvamisa ithinta kakhulu ukujula kokungena kwamandla ezinsimbi. Imishini yokuncibilikisa imvamisa ephezulu ifanele ukuncibilikisa imikhiqizo yensimbi enosayizi omncane, enezindonga ezincane noma izimo ezidinga isivinini esikhulu kakhulu sokuncibilika, ngoba imisinga ephakeme kakhulu igxile endaweni yensimbi futhi ingashisa ngokushesha indawo yensimbi. Ukujula kwamanje kokungena kwemishini encibilikisa imvamisa ephansi kukhulu, okuyenza ifaneleke kakhulu ukuncibilikisa izingothi zensimbi ezinosayizi omkhulu. Isibonelo, lapho kuncibilika izingcezu ezinkulu zegolide, ukwehlisa imvamisa ngendlela efanele kungasabalalisa ukushisa ngokulinganayo ngaphakathi kwensimbi, kunciphise ukushisisa okungaphezulu kanye ne-oxidation.

3.Umehluko wokusebenza kwemishini encibilikisa igolide ekuncibilikeni kwezinsimbi ezahlukene

(1) Isivinini sokuncibilika

Ngenxa yezinga eliphezulu lokuncibilika, igolide linezinga lokuncibilika elihamba kancane ngaphansi kwamandla nezimo ezifanayo. Ingxubevange ye-aluminium inephuzu eliphansi lokuncibilika futhi ingafinyelela ngokushesha izinga lokushisa elincibilikayo emshinini oncibilikayo, ngesivinini sokuncibilika ngokushesha kakhulu kunegolide. Isivinini sokuncibilika sesiliva nethusi siphakathi kokubili, kuye ngamandla omshini wokuncibilika kanye nesimo sokuqala sensimbi.

(2) Ukulawula ukuhlanzeka

Ekuncibilikisweni kwegolide, ngenxa yenani layo eliphezulu, ukuhlanzeka okuphezulu kakhulu kuyadingeka. Imishini yekhwalithi ephezulu yokuncibilikisa igolide inganciphisa ngempumelelo ukuxutshwa kokungcola futhi iqinisekise ubumsulwa begolide ngokulawula izinga lokushisa okunembile kanye nomsebenzi wokunyakazisa kazibuthe. Ngokuphambene, isiliva lithambekele ekubeni ne-oxidation ngesikhathi senqubo yokuncibilikisa. Nakuba imishini yokuncibilikisa igolide inganciphisa i-oxidation ngokugcwalisa amagesi angenayo ekamelweni lokuncibilikisa, kusenzima kakhulu ukulawula ubumsulwa kunegolide. Inkinga yokumuncwa kwegesi ngesikhathi sokuncibilikiswa kwethusi igqame ngokukhethekile, futhi izinyathelo zokukhipha umoya kufanele zithathwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ubumsulwa, ngaphandle kwalokho kuzothinta izakhiwo zemishini ye-castings. Lapho i-aluminium alloy incibilika, ngaphezu kokulawula ukulahlekelwa okuvuthayo kwezakhi ze-alloy ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukubunjwa okunembile, kuyadingeka futhi ukuvimbela ukumuncwa kwegesi nokufakwa kwe-slag, futhi izidingo zokuncibilika kwemishini nezinqubo nazo ziqinile kakhulu.

(3) Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla

Ngokuvamile, izinsimbi ezinamaphoyinti aphezulu okuncibilika zisebenzisa amandla engeziwe ngesikhathi sokuncibilika. Ngenxa yamaphuzu azo ancibilikayo aphezulu, igolide nethusi kudinga ukunikezwa kokushisa okuqhubekayo okuvela emshinini wokuncibilika ngesikhathi sokuncibilika, okuholela ekusetshenzisweni kwamandla okuphezulu. Futhi ingxubevange ye-aluminium inephuzu lokuncibilika eliphansi, elidinga amandla amancane ukuze ifinyelele esimweni sokuncibilika, futhi isebenzisa amandla aphansi. Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kwesiliva kusezingeni eliphakathi. Kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kwangempela kuhlobene nezinto ezifana nokusebenza kahle komshini wokuncibilika kanye nenani lokuncibilika. Imishini encibilikayo ephumelelayo neyonga amandla idlala indima ebalulekile ekwehliseni ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ngesikhathi sokuncibilika kwezinsimbi ezahlukene.

(4) Izisetshenziswa ezigugayo

Ukulahlekelwa komshini wokuncibilika kuyahlukahluka lapho kuncibilika izinsimbi ezahlukene. Igolide linokwakheka okuthambile futhi libangela ukuguga okuncane ku-crucible nezinye izingxenye zomshini oncibilikayo. I-Copper inobunzima obuphakeme, obudala ukuguguleka okukhulu kanye nokuguga ku-crucible ngesikhathi sokuncibilika, okudinga izinto eziqinile eziqinile. Lapho i-aluminium alloy incibilika, ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo zamakhemikhali asebenzayo, ingase ibhekane nokusabela okuthile kwamakhemikhali ngento e-crucible, isheshisa ukugqokwa kwe-crucible. Ngakho-ke, kuyadingeka ukukhetha i-crucible ekhethekile ekwazi ukumelana nokugqwala.

4.Isiphetho

Ukusebenza komshini wokuncibilikisa kuyahlukahluka kakhulu ekuncibilikeni kwezinsimbi ezahlukene, okubandakanya izici eziningi ezifana nesivinini sokuncibilika, ukulawula ukuhlanzeka, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, nokulahlekelwa kwemishini. Lo mehluko ikakhulukazi usukela ezintweni ezibonakalayo namakhemikhali ezinsimbi ezahlukene kanye nemingcele yobuchwepheshe yomshini oncibilikayo ngokwawo. Ezisetshenziswa ezingokoqobo, amabhizinisi kanye nabasebenzi kufanele bakhethe uhlobo namapharamitha okusebenza omshini oncibilikayo ngokunengqondo ngokuya ngohlobo nezidingo ezithile zensimbi encibilikisiwe, futhi bathuthukise izinqubo zokuncibilika ezihambisanayo ukuze kuzuzwe izinqubo zokuncibilikisa insimbi ezisebenzayo, ezisezingeni eliphezulu, nezingabizi kakhulu. Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kobuchwepheshe, ubuchwepheshe bomshini oncibilikayo bubuye buthuthuke futhi buthuthuke njalo. Ngokuzayo, kulindeleke ukuthi kuqhutshekwe nokwandisa umphumela wokuncibilika kwezinsimbi ezahlukene futhi kuhlangatshezwane nesidingo esikhulayo sokucutshungulwa kwensimbi emikhakheni eminingi.