Kodi kusungunuka kwa vacuum induction ndi chiyani?

Kusungunuka kwa vacuum ndi njira yosungunula yachitsulo ndi aloyi yomwe imachitika pamalo opanda vacuum.

Tekinoloje iyi imatha kuletsa zitsulo zosawerengeka kuti zisaipitsidwe ndi mlengalenga ndi zinthu zotsutsa, ndipo zimakhala ndi ntchito yoyeretsa ndi kuyeretsa. Mwa kusungunuka kwa vacuum, zitsulo zapamwamba kwambiri ndi ma alloys okhala ndi mpweya wochepa, zochepa zophatikizika, ndi tsankho laling'ono lingapezeke. Njirayi ndiyofunikira kuti mupeze zida zachitsulo zoyera kwambiri komanso zapamwamba kwambiri, makamaka zoyenera ma alloys kapena zitsulo zomwe zimakhala zovuta kusungunuka ndipo zimafunikira kuyera kwambiri. Njira zosungunulira vacuum zikuphatikizapo kusungunuka kwa electron beam, vacuum induction melting, vacuum arc ng'anjo yosungunuka, ndi kusungunuka kwa ng'anjo ya plasma. Mwachitsanzo, kusungunula kwa ma elekitironi kumagwiritsa ntchito matabwa a ma elekitironi amphamvu kwambiri kuphulitsa zinthu zosungunuka, kuzisandutsa mofulumira kukhala mphamvu yotentha ndi kuzisungunula. Njirayi ndi yoyenera kusungunula zovuta kwambiri komanso ma alloys apamwamba kwambiri kapena zitsulo.

Kuphatikiza apo, kusungunuka kwa vacuum kumathandizanso kukonza kulimba, kutopa, kukana dzimbiri, kutentha kwambiri, komanso kutha kwa maginito azitsulo.

Kusungunuka kwa ng'anjo ya vacuum ndi njira yogwiritsira ntchito electromagnetic induction kuti apange mafunde a eddy muzitsulo zazitsulo pansi pa vacuum kuti azitenthetsa ng'anjo. Ili ndi mawonekedwe a chipinda chaching'ono chosungunuka, nthawi yayitali yopopera vacuum ndi kusungunuka, kutentha kwabwino ndi kuwongolera kupanikizika, kubwezeretsedwanso kwa zinthu zosasunthika, ndikuwongolera kolondola kwa kapangidwe ka aloyi. Chifukwa cha makhalidwe omwe ali pamwambawa, tsopano apanga zida zofunika kwambiri zopangira zida zapadera monga zitsulo zapadera, zosakaniza zowonongeka, magetsi otenthetsera magetsi, ma alloys otentha kwambiri, ndi ma alloys osagwirizana ndi dzimbiri.

1. Kodi vacuum ndi chiyani?

Mu chidebe chotsekedwa, chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa mamolekyu a gasi, kupanikizika kwa ma molekyulu a mpweya pagawo la unit kumachepa. Panthawi imeneyi, kuthamanga mkati mwa chidebe i kutsika kuposa kuthamanga yachibadwa. Mpweya wamtundu uwu womwe umakhala wotsika kuposa kuthamanga kwanthawi zonse umatchedwa vacuum.

2. Kodi mfundo yogwirira ntchito ya ng'anjo ya vacuum induction ndi iti?

Njira yayikulu ndikugwiritsa ntchito kulowetsedwa kwa ma elekitiroma kuti apange zomwe zilipo muzitsulo zachitsulo zokha, ndiyeno kudalira kukana kwa chitsulo cholipiritsa chokha kuti asinthe mphamvu yamagetsi kukhala mphamvu yotentha molingana ndi lamulo la Joule Lenz, lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito posungunula zitsulo.

3. Kodi kusonkhezera kwa ma electromagnetic kumapangidwa bwanji mu ng'anjo ya vacuum induction?

Chitsulo chosungunuka mu crucible chimapanga mphamvu yamagetsi mu mphamvu ya maginito yopangidwa ndi coil induction. Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe a khungu, mafunde a eddy opangidwa ndi chitsulo chosungunula amatsutsana ndi momwe akudutsa pakalipano podutsa coil induction, zomwe zimabweretsa kukana; Mphamvu yonyansa pa chitsulo chosungunula nthawi zonse imaloza ku axis ya crucible, ndipo chitsulo chosungunula chimakankhidwanso chapakati pa crucible; Chifukwa chakuti coil induction ndi koyilo yaifupi yokhala ndi zotsatira zazifupi pamapeto onse awiri, mphamvu yamagetsi yofananira pa malekezero onse a coil induction imachepa, ndipo kugawidwa kwa mphamvu yamagetsi kumakhala kochepa kumtunda ndi kumunsi komanso kwakukulu pakati. Pansi pa mphamvu iyi, madzi achitsulo amayamba kusuntha kuchokera pakati kupita kumtunda wa crucible, ndiyeno amayenda mmwamba ndi pansi kupita pakati. Chodabwitsa ichi chikupitirizabe kufalikira, kupanga kayendedwe koopsa kwa madzi achitsulo. Pakusungunula kwenikweni, chodabwitsa cha zitsulo zamadzimadzi zomwe zimatuluka m'mwamba ndikugwedezeka m'mwamba ndi pansi pakatikati pa crucible zimatha kuthetsedwa, zomwe zimatchedwa electromagnetic stirring.

4. Kodi ntchito ya electromagnetic stirring ndi yotani?

① Itha kufulumizitsa kuchuluka kwa zochitika zakuthupi ndi zamankhwala panthawi yosungunula; ② Gwirizanitsani kapangidwe ka chitsulo chosungunuka; ③ Kutentha kwachitsulo chosungunula mu crucible kumakhala kosasinthasintha, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zitheke kusungunuka panthawi yosungunuka; ④ Zotsatira za kusonkhezera zimagonjetsa mphamvu yake yokhazikika, kugwedeza thovu losungunuka mkati mwa crucible pamwamba pa madzi, kuwongolera kutuluka kwa gasi ndikuchepetsa kuphatikizika kwa mpweya wa aloyiyo Kukoka mtima kwambiri kumawonjezera kukokoloka kwa chitsulo chosungunuka pa crucible, kukhudza moyo wake; ⑥ Kufulumizitsa kuwonongeka kwa zida zopangira ma crucibles pa kutentha kwakukulu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuipitsidwanso kwa aloyi wosungunuka.

5. Kodi digiri ya vacuum ndi chiyani?

Digiri ya vacuum imayimira kuonda kwa gasi pansi pa mphamvu ya mumlengalenga imodzi, yomwe imawonetsedwa ngati kukakamiza.

6. Kodi kutayikira mlingo ndi chiyani?

Kuthamanga kwachulukidwe kumatanthawuza kuchuluka kwa kupanikizika kwapang'onopang'ono pa nthawi ya unit pambuyo pa kutsekedwa kwa vacuum.

7. Kodi zotsatira za khungu ndi zotani?

Mphamvu ya khungu imatanthawuza chodabwitsa cha kugawanika kosafanana kwamakono pamtanda wa kondakitala (kunena za ng'anjo ya ng'anjo mu smelting) pamene kusinthasintha kwamakono kumadutsamo. Kukwera pamwamba pakali pano kachulukidwe kokondakitala, kutsika kwapakatikati kwapakati.

8. Kodi electromagnetic induction ndi chiyani?

Makina osinthira amadutsa muwaya ndikupanga mphamvu ya maginito yosinthira mozungulira, pomwe waya wotsekeka pamalo osinthika a maginito amatulutsa magetsi mkati mwa waya. Chodabwitsa ichi chimatchedwa electromagnetic induction.

10. Kodi ubwino wosungunula ng'anjo ya vacuum ndi chiyani?

① Palibe kuipitsidwa kwa mpweya ndi slag, aloyi yosungunuka ndi yoyera ndipo imakhala ndi magwiridwe antchito apamwamba;

② Kusungunuka kwa vacuum kumapangitsa kuti mpweya ukhale wabwino, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mpweya ukhale wochepa muzitsulo zosungunuka ndi alloy;

③ Pansi pa vacuum, zitsulo sizikhala ndi okosijeni mosavuta;

④ Zonyansa (Pb, Bi, etc.) zomwe zimabweretsedwa ndi zopangira zimatha kusanduka nthunzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthu ziyeretsedwe;

⑤ Pakusungunula ng'anjo ya vacuum, kaboni deoxidation ingagwiritsidwe ntchito, ndipo mankhwala a deoxygenation ndi mpweya, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti alloy ayeretsedwe kwambiri;

⑥ Itha kusintha molondola ndikuwongolera kapangidwe kake;

⑦ Zida zobwezeredwa zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito.

11. Ndi zovuta ziti zosungunula ng'anjo ya vacuum induction?

① Zida ndizovuta, zodula, ndipo zimafuna ndalama zambiri;

② Kusamalira movutikira, kukwera mtengo kwa kusungunula, komanso kukwera mtengo;

③ Kuyipitsidwa kwachitsulo komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha zinthu zowumbidwa mu crucibles panthawi yosungunula;

④ Gulu lopanga ndi laling'ono, ndipo ntchito yoyendera ndi yayikulu.

12. Kodi zigawo zikuluzikulu zofunika ndi matanthauzo a mapampu vacuum ndi chiyani?

① Digiri ya vacuum kwambiri: Mtengo wokhazikika wokhazikika (mwachitsanzo, digirii yokhazikika kwambiri ya vacuum) yomwe ingapezeke pakatha nthawi yayitali yothira pamene cholowera cha pampu yotsekera chatsekedwa chimatchedwa kuchuluka kwa vacuum pampu.

② Mlingo wotuluka: Kuchuluka kwa gasi wotengedwa ndi pampu pa nthawi ya unit kumatchedwa kuchuluka kwa kupopa kwa pampu ya vacuum.

③ Kuthamanga kwakukulu kwapampu: Kuthamanga kwakukulu komwe gasi amatulutsidwa kuchokera pa doko la vacuum pump panthawi yogwira ntchito bwino.

④ Kupanikizika koyambirira: Kuthamanga kwakukulu kwamtengo wapatali komwe kumafunika kusungidwa pa doko lotulutsa mpweya wa vacuum pampu kuti zitsimikizidwe kuti zikugwira ntchito bwino.

13. Kodi mungasankhire bwanji makina opopera vacuum?

① Kuthamanga kwa pampu ya vacuum kumafanana ndi kuthamanga kwina kwa pampu ya vacuum;

② Pampu zamakina, mapampu a Mizu, ndi mapampu olimbikitsa mafuta sangathe kutulutsa mpweya mwachindunji ndipo amayenera kudalira pampu yakutsogolo kuti akhazikitse ndikusunga kupanikizika koyenera kuti agwire ntchito moyenera.

14. N’chifukwa chiyani ma capacitor amafunika kuwonjezeredwa ku mabwalo amagetsi?

Chifukwa cha mtunda waukulu pakati pa coil induction ndi zida za ng'anjo yachitsulo, kutayikira kwa maginito ndizovuta kwambiri, maginito ofunikira ndi otsika kwambiri, ndipo mphamvu yogwira ntchito ndiyokwera kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, m'mabwalo a capacitive, magetsi amatsogolera ma voliyumu. Kuti muchepetse chikoka cha inductance ndikuwongolera mphamvu yamagetsi, ndikofunikira kuphatikiza kuchuluka koyenera kwa zida zamagetsi mozungulira, kuti capacitor ndi inductor zitha kumveka mofanana, potero kuwongolera mphamvu ya coil induction.

15. Ndi magawo angati omwe ali zida zazikulu za ng'anjo ya vacuum induction?

Chipinda chosungunula, chipinda chothira, makina otsekemera, makina opangira magetsi.

16. Kodi ndi njira zotani zokonzetsera makina a vacuum pa nthawi yosungunula?

① Mtundu wamafuta ndi mulingo wamafuta a pampu ya vacuum ndizabwinobwino;

② Chophimba chosefera chimasinthidwa mwachizolowezi;

③ Kusindikiza kwa valve iliyonse yodzipatula ndikoyenera.

17. Kodi ndi njira zotani zokonzetsera makina opangira magetsi panthawi yosungunula?

① Kutentha kwamadzi ozizira kwa capacitor ndikwachilendo;

② Kutentha kwamafuta a transformer ndikwachilendo;

③ Kutentha kwamadzi ozizira kwa chingwe ndikwachilendo.

18. Kodi zofunika pa crucibles mu vacuum induction ng'anjo kusungunuka?

① Imakhala ndi kukhazikika kwa kutentha kwambiri kuti ipewe kusweka chifukwa cha kuzizira komanso kutentha;

② Ali ndi kukhazikika kwa mankhwala kuti ateteze kuipitsidwa kwa crucible ndi zida zotsutsa;

③ Kukhala ndi mphamvu yokwanira yolimbana ndi moto komanso mphamvu zamapangidwe apamwamba kuti zipirire kutentha kwakukulu ndi kukhudzidwa kwa zinthu za ng'anjo;

④ The crucible iyenera kukhala ndi kachulukidwe kakang'ono komanso kosalala kogwira ntchito kuti muchepetse malo olumikizana pakati pa crucible ndi madzi achitsulo, komanso kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa zotsalira zazitsulo pamwamba pa crucible.

⑤ Ali ndi katundu wotchinjiriza kwambiri;

⑥ Kuchepa kwa voliyumu yaying'ono panthawi ya sintering;

⑦ Ali ndi kusinthasintha kochepa komanso kukana bwino kwa hydration;

⑧ Zomwe zimapangidwira zimakhala ndi mpweya wochepa.

⑨ Chombocho chili ndi zida zambiri komanso mitengo yotsika.

19. Kodi mungawongolere bwanji kutentha kwapamwamba kwa crucibles?

① Chepetsani zomwe zili mu CaO ndi kuchuluka kwa CaO/SiO2 mumchenga wa MgO kuti muchepetse kuchuluka kwa gawo lamadzimadzi ndikuwonjezera kutentha komwe gawo lamadzimadzi limapangidwira.

② Sinthani kukhazikika kwa njere za kristalo.

③ Kukwaniritsa bwino recrystallization boma mu sintered wosanjikiza, kuchepetsa porosity, kuchepetsa tirigu malire m'lifupi, ndi kupanga mapangidwe mosaic, kupanga kuphatikiza mwachindunji magawo olimba ndi olimba, potero kuchepetsa zotsatira zoipa za madzi gawo.

20. Momwe mungasankhire kukula koyenera kwa geometric kwa crucible?

① Makulidwe a khoma la crucible nthawi zambiri amakhala 1/8 mpaka 1/10 ya mainchesi a crucible (wopangidwa);

② zitsulo zamadzimadzi zimakhala ndi 75% ya voliyumu ya crucible;

③ Mbali ya R ili pafupi 45 °;

④ Makulidwe a pansi pa ng'anjo nthawi zambiri amakhala nthawi 1.5 kuposa khoma la ng'anjo.

21. Kodi zomatira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popangira mphira ndi zotani?

① Organic kanthu: dextrin, zamkati zinyalala zamadzimadzi, organic utomoni, etc;

② Zinthu zopanda organic: sodium silicate, brine, boric acid, carbonate, dongo, etc.

22. Kodi zomatira (H3BO3) zimagwira ntchito yotani pamitanda yolumikizira?

Boric acid (H3BO3) imatha kuchotsa chinyezi chonse potentha pansi pa 300 ℃ nthawi zonse, ndipo imatchedwa boronic anhydride (B2O3).

① Pa kutentha kochepa, ena MgO ndi Al2O3 akhoza kupasuka mu madzi B2O3 kupanga mndandanda wa zinthu kusintha, imathandizira olimba gawo kufalikira kwa MgO · Al2O3 ndi kulimbikitsa recrystallization, kuchititsa wosanjikiza sintering wa crucible kupanga pa kutentha otsika, potero kuchepetsa sintering kutentha.

② Podalira kusungunuka ndi kugwirizana kwa boric acid pa kutentha kwapakati, gawo la semi sintered likhoza kukulitsidwa kapena mphamvu ya crucible isanayambe kuwonjezereka kwachiwiri.

③ Mumchenga wa magnesia wokhala ndi CaO, kugwiritsa ntchito zomangira kumatha kupondereza kusintha kwa kristalo kwa 2CaO · SiO2 pansi pa 850 ℃.

23. Kodi njira zosiyanasiyana zowumbira zopangira zitsulo ndi ziti?

Njira ziwiri.

① Kukonzekera kunja kwa ng'anjo; Pambuyo kusakaniza zopangira (magetsi anasakaniza magnesium kapena zotayidwa magnesium spinel refractory zipangizo) ndi ena tinthu kukula chiŵerengero ndi kusankha zomatira zoyenera, iwo aumbike mu nkhungu crucible mwa kugwedera ndi isostatic kuthamanga njira. Thupi la crucible limawumitsidwa ndikusinthidwa kukhala crucible yokonzedweratu mu uvuni wotentha kwambiri wokhala ndi kutentha kwakukulu kwa ≥ 1700 ℃ × 8 maola.

② Kugunda molunjika mkati mwa ng'anjo; Onjezani kuchuluka koyenera kwa zomatira zolimba, monga boric acid, pamlingo woyenera wa tinthu tating'onoting'ono, sakanizani mofanana, ndikugwiritsa ntchito tamping kuti mukwaniritse kudzaza kowundana. Pa sintering, ma microstructures osiyanasiyana amapangidwa ndi kutentha kwa gawo lililonse.

24. Mwomwo ika chapwila chachilemu chikuma kushipilitu, kaha nachitukafwa ngachilihi vyuma vyakushipilitu?

Mapangidwe a sintering a crucible amagawidwa m'magulu atatu: sintering layer, semi sintering layer, ndi loose layer.

Sintering wosanjikiza: Pa uvuni ndondomeko, ndi tinthu kukula akukumana recrystallization. Kupatula kukula kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'ono kumapeto kwa kutentha kochepa, gawo loyambirira silingawoneke konse, ndipo mawonekedwe a yunifolomu ndi abwino amaperekedwa. Malire a tirigu ndi opapatiza kwambiri, ndipo zonyansa zimagawidwanso pamalire atsopano a tirigu. Sintered wosanjikiza ndi chipolopolo cholimba chomwe chili mkati mwa khoma la crucible, lomwe limalumikizana mwachindunji ndi chitsulo chosungunuka ndikunyamula mphamvu zosiyanasiyana, kotero wosanjikiza uwu ndi wofunikira kwambiri pa crucible.

Wosanjikiza wotayirira: Pakuwotcha, kutentha pafupi ndi gawo lotsekera kumakhala kotsika, ndipo mchenga wa magnesium sungathe kuwongoleredwa kapena kulumikizidwa ndi gawo lagalasi, kukhalabe wotayirira. Chosanjikiza ichi chili kumtunda wa kunja kwa crucible ndipo chimagwira ntchito zotsatirazi: choyamba, chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake kotayirira komanso kusayenda bwino kwamafuta, kutentha komwe kumasamutsidwa kuchokera ku khoma lamkati la crucible kupita kunja kumachepetsedwa, kuchepetsa kutayika kwa kutentha, kupereka kusungunula, ndikuwongolera magwiridwe antchito amafuta mkati mwa crucible; Kachiwiri, wosanjikiza wotayirira ndi chitetezo wosanjikiza. Chifukwa chosanjikiza cha sintered chapanga chipolopolo ndipo chimalumikizana mwachindunji ndi zitsulo zamadzimadzi, zimakhala zosavuta kusweka. Chikang'ambika, chitsulo chosungunulacho chimatuluka kuchokera mumng'alu, pomwe chosanjikiza sichimakonda kusweka chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake otayirira. Madzi achitsulo omwe amatuluka kuchokera mkati mwake amatsekedwa ndi izo, kupereka chitetezo kwa mphete yozindikira; Chachitatu, wosanjikiza wotayirira akadali buffer. Chifukwa chakuti sintered wosanjikiza wasanduka chipolopolo cholimba, kuchuluka kwa voliyumu ndi kutsika kumachitika pakatenthedwa ndi kukhazikika. Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe otayirira a wosanjikiza wotayirira, imakhala ndi gawo losokoneza pakusintha kwa voliyumu ya crucible.

Semi sintered layer (yomwe imadziwikanso kuti transition layer): yomwe ili pakati pa sintered layer ndi loose layer, yogawidwa magawo awiri. Pafupi ndi sintered wosanjikiza, zonyansa zimasungunuka ndikugawanso kapena kugwirizana ndi tinthu tating'ono ta magnesium. Mchenga wa Magnesium umalowanso pang'ono, ndipo tinthu tating'ono ta mchenga timawoneka ngati wandiweyani; Ziwalo zomwe zili pafupi ndi gawo lotayirira zimagwirizanitsidwa kwathunthu ndi zomatira. The semi sintered layer imagwira ntchito ngati sintered layer komanso loose layer.

25. Momwe mungasankhire makina opangira ng'anjo?

① Kutentha kwakukulu kwa ng'anjo: Pamene makulidwe otsekemera a crucible ndi 5-10mm, pamagetsi osakanikirana ndi magnesia, sintered wosanjikiza amangotenga 13-15% ya makulidwe a crucible akaphikidwa pa 1800 ℃. Ikaphikidwa mu uvuni wa 2000 ℃, imakhala 24-27%. Poganizira za kutentha kwapamwamba kwa crucible, ndi bwino kukhala ndi kutentha kwa uvuni, koma sikophweka kukwera kwambiri. Kutentha kukakhala kopitilira 2000 ℃, kumapanga zisa ngati kapangidwe kake chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa magnesium oxide kapena kuchepa kwa magnesium oxide ndi kaboni, komanso kukonzanso kwakukulu kwa magnesium oxide. Choncho, kutentha kwakukulu kwa uvuni kuyenera kuyendetsedwa pansi pa 2000 ℃.

② Kutentha kwa kutentha: Kumayambiriro kwa kutentha, kuti muchotse bwino chinyezi kuchokera ku zipangizo zowonongeka, kutentha kokwanira kuyenera kuchitidwa. Nthawi zambiri, kutentha kwa kutentha kuyenera kukhala kosachepera 1500 ℃; Kutentha kwa ng'anjo kukafika pamwamba pa 1500 ℃, mchenga wa magnesia wosakanikirana wamagetsi umayamba kuzizira. Panthawiyi, mphamvu yayikulu iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti itenthetse msanga mpaka kutentha komwe kumayembekezeredwa.

③ Nthawi yotsekera: Kutentha kwa ng'anjo kukafika kutentha kwambiri kwa ng'anjo, kutchinjiriza kuyenera kuchitika pakutentha kumeneko. Nthawi yotsekemera imasiyanasiyana malinga ndi mtundu wa ng'anjo ndi zinthu, monga 15-20 maminiti ang'onoang'ono osungunula magetsi a magnesium crucibles ndi 30-40 mphindi zazitsulo zazikulu ndi zapakati zosungunula magetsi a magnesium.

Choncho, kutentha kwa kutentha mu uvuni ndi kuphika pa kutentha kwakukulu kophika kuyenera kusinthidwa moyenera