Yintoni ukunyibilika kwevacuum induction?

Ukunyibilika kwevacuum yindlela yokunyibilikisa isinyithi kunye ne-alloy eyenziwa kwindawo yokufunxa.

Le teknoloji inokuthintela isinyithi esinqabileyo ukuba singangcoliswa ngumoya kunye nezinto ezichasayo, kwaye inomsebenzi wokuhlanjululwa kunye nokucoca. Ngokunyibilika kwe-vacuum, isinyithi esinekhwalithi ephezulu kunye ne-alloys enomxholo ophantsi wegesi, ukufakwa okumbalwa, kunye nokwahlula okuncinci kunokufumaneka. Le ndlela ibalulekile ekufumaneni ubunyulu obuphezulu kunye nezixhobo zetsimbi ezikumgangatho ophezulu, ngakumbi ezifanelekileyo kwi-alloys okanye iintsimbi ekunzima ukunyibilika kuzo kwaye zifuna ubunyulu obuphezulu. Iindlela zokunyibilika kwe-vacuum zibandakanya ukunyibilika kwe-electron beam, ukunyibilika kwe-vacuum induction, ukunyibilika kwe-arc yesithando somlilo, kunye nokunyibilika kwesithando somlilo seplasma. Umzekelo, ukunyibilika kwe-electron beam kusebenzisa imiqadi ye-electron enamandla amakhulu ukubhobhoza izinto ezityhidiweyo, ngokukhawuleza ukuziguqulela kumandla obushushu kwaye kuzinyibilikise. Le ndlela ifanelekile ukunyibilikisa ubunzima obuphezulu kunye ne-ultra-high high purity alloys okanye isinyithi.

Ukongeza, ukunyibilika kwevacuum kukwanceda ekuphuculeni ukuqina, amandla okudinwa, ukuxhathisa umhlwa, ukusebenza kweqondo lobushushu eliphezulu, kunye nokungena kwemagnethi kwizixhobo zentsimbi.

Ukunyibilika kwe-vacuum induction furnace yinkqubo yokusebenzisa i-electromagnetic induction ukuvelisa imisinga yeeddy kwiconductor zetsimbi phantsi kweemeko zokufunxa ukufudumeza imathiriyeli yesithando somlilo. Ineempawu zomthamo wegumbi elincinci lokunyibilika, ixesha elifutshane lokupompa ivacuum kunye nomjikelezo wokunyibilika, ubushushu obufanelekileyo kunye nolawulo loxinzelelo, ukuphinda kusetyenziswe izinto eziguqukayo, kunye nolawulo oluchanekileyo lokubunjwa kwe-alloy. Ngenxa yezi mpawu zingentla, ngoku sele iphuhliswe yaba sisixhobo esibalulekileyo sokuvelisa i-alloys ezikhethekileyo ezifana nentsimbi ekhethekileyo, i-alloys echanekileyo, i-alloys yokufudumala yombane, i-alloys ephezulu yokushisa, kunye ne-alloys-resistant corrosion.

1. Yintoni ivacuum?

Kwisitya esivaliweyo, ngenxa yokuncipha kwenani leeamolekyu zegesi, uxinzelelo olwenziwa ngamamolekyuli egesi kwindawo yeyunithi luyancipha. Ngeli xesha, uxinzelelo ngaphakathi kwesikhongozeli ndisezantsi kunoxinzelelo oluqhelekileyo. Olu hlobo lwesithuba segesi esingaphantsi kunoxinzelelo oluqhelekileyo lubizwa ngokuba yivacuum.

2. Uthini umgaqo-siseko wokusebenza kwesithando somlilo se-vacuum induction?

Eyona ndlela iphambili kukusebenzisa i-electromagnetic induction ukuvelisa okwangoku kwintlawulo yentsimbi ngokwayo, kwaye emva koko uxhomekeke ekuxhathiseni intlawulo yesinyithi ngokwayo ukuguqula amandla ombane abe ngamandla ashushu ngokomthetho weJoule Lenz, osetyenziselwa ukunyibilikisa isinyithi.

3. Yenziwa njani intshukumo ye-electromagnetic kwi-vacuum induction?

Isinyithi esityhidiweyo kwi-crucible sivelisa amandla ombane kwintsimi yamagnetic eyenziwa yi-coil induction. Ngenxa yempembelelo yesikhumba, i-eddy currents eyenziwa yintsimbi etyhidiweyo ichasene nolwalathiso lwangoku oludlulayo kwi-coil induction, okubangelwa ukunyathela; Amandla acekisayo kwisinyithi esinyibilikisiweyo ahlala ekhomba ngakwi-axis ye-crucible, kwaye isinyithi esityhidiweyo sikwatyhalelwa kumbindi we-crucible; Ngenxa yokuba i-coil induction i-coil emfutshane kunye nemiphumo emfutshane kuzo zombini iziphelo, amandla ombane ahambelanayo kuzo zombini iziphelo ze-coil induction ziyancipha, kwaye ukuhanjiswa kwamandla ombane kuncinci kwiindawo eziphezulu kunye nezantsi kwaye kukhulu phakathi. Phantsi kwala mandla, ulwelo lwesinyithi kuqala luhamba lusuka embindini lusiya kwi-axis ye-crucible, luze luqukuqelele phezulu lubheke embindini. Le nto iqhubeka ijikeleza, isenza intshukumo ekrakra yolwelo lwesinyithi. Ngexesha lokunyibilikiswa kokwenyani, isenzeko solwelo lwetsimbi olubhulukela phezulu kwaye lujikela phezulu nasezantsi kumbindi we-crucible inokupheliswa, ebizwa ngokuba yi-electromagnetic stirring.

4. Yintoni umsebenzi wokuvuselela i-electromagnetic?

① Inokukhawulezisa isantya somzimba kunye neekhemikhali zokusabela ngexesha lenkqubo yokunyibilikisa; ② Hlanganisa ulwelo lwesinyithi esinyibilikisiweyo; ③ Ubushushu bentsimbi etyhidiweyo kwi-crucible ivame ukuhambelana, okukhokelela ekugqityweni okupheleleyo kokusabela ngexesha lokunyibilika; ④ Isiphumo sokuxhokonxa sisoyisa isiphumo soxinzelelo lwaso lwe-static, ukuphethula amaqamza anyityilisiweyo nzulu kwi-crucible kumphezulu wolwelo, ukuququzelela ukukhutshwa kwerhasi kunye nokunciphisa umthamo wegesi wokufakwa kwi-alloy Ukuvuselela okunamandla kwandisa ukukhukuliseka komatshini kwesinyithi esinyibilikisiweyo kwi-crucible, echaphazela ubomi bayo; ⑥ Ukukhawulezisa ukubola kwezinto eziphikisayo kwi-crucibles kumaqondo okushisa aphezulu, okubangela ukungcoliswa kwakhona kwe-alloy etyhidiweyo.

5. Yintoni isidanga sevacuum?

Isidanga sevacuum simele ukubhitya kwerhasi engaphantsi koxinzelelo lweatmosfere enye, edla ngokuchazwa njengoxinzelelo.

6. Lithini izinga lokuvuza?

Isantya sokuvuza sibhekisa kwisixa sokunyuka koxinzelelo ngexesha leyunithi emva kokuba isixhobo sokufunxa sivaliwe.

7. Yintoni umphumo wolusu?

Umphumo wesikhumba ubhekisela kwinto yokusabalalisa ngokungafaniyo kwangoku kwi-cross-section of conductor (ibhekisela kwintlawulo yesithando somlilo kwi-smelting) xa i-alternating current idlula kuyo. Ukuphakama koxinzelelo lwangoku lwangoku lwe-conductor, ukuthoba ubuninzi bangoku ukuya kwiziko.

8. Yintoni i-electromagnetic induction?

Umsinga otshintshayo udlula ngocingo kwaye uvelise umhlaba otshintshanayo wamagnetic ngeenxa zonke kuwo, ngelixa ubeka ucingo oluvaliweyo kwindawo eguqukayo yemagnethi kuvelisa umsinga otshintshanayo ngaphakathi kocingo. Le nto ibizwa ngokuba yi-electromagnetic induction.

10. Ziziphi iingenelo zokunyibilikiswa kwesithando somlilo esifunxileyo?

① Akukho ngcoliseko yomoya kunye ne-slag, i-alloy enyibilikisiweyo icocekile kwaye inomgangatho ophezulu wokusebenza;

② Ukunyibilika kwe-vacuum kudala iimeko ezintle zokukhupha umoya, okukhokelela kumxholo ophantsi wegesi kwintsimbi enyibilikisiweyo kunye ne-alloy;

③ Phantsi kweemeko zevacuum, iintsimbi azixutywa lula;

④ Ukungcola (Pb, Bi, njl. njl.) okungeniswa ngemathiriyeli ekrwada kunokuphuma ngumphunga kwindawo yevacuum, kubangele ukucocwa kwezinto;

⑤ Ngexesha le-vacuum induction smelting, i-carbon deoxidation ingasetyenziswa, kwaye imveliso ye-deoxygenation yigesi, okubangela ukucoceka okuphezulu kwe-alloy;

⑥ Unokulungelelanisa ngokuchanekileyo kunye nokulawula ukwakheka kweekhemikhali;

⑦ Izinto ezibuyiswayo zinokusetyenziswa.

11. Ziziphi iingxaki zokunyibilikiswa kwesithando se-vacuum induction?

① Isixhobo sinzima, siyabiza, kwaye sifuna utyalo-mali olukhulu;

② Ukugcinwa kakubi, iindleko eziphezulu zokunyibilikisa, kunye neendleko eziphezulu;

③ Ungcoliseko lwesinyithi olubangelwa yimathiriyeli echasayo kwiziphambuka ngexesha lenkqubo yokunyibilikisa;

④ Ibhetshi yemveliso incinci, kwaye umsebenzi wokuhlola mkhulu.

12. Ziziphi iiparamitha eziphambili kunye neentsingiselo zeempompo ze-vacuum?

① Iqondo eliphezulu le-vacuum degree: Ubuncinci bexabiso loxinzelelo oluzinzile (okt elona qondo liphezulu le-vacuum elizinzile) elinokufumaneka emva kwexesha elide lokukhupha xa i-inlet yempompo yokuvala ivaliwe ibizwa ngokuba yi-vacuum degree ephezulu yempompo.

② Izinga lokuphuma: Umthamo wegesi okhutshwe yimpompo ngexesha leyunithi libizwa ngokuba yisantya sokumpompa kwempompo yokucoca.

③ Uxinzelelo oluphezulu lokukhupha: Ixabiso eliphezulu loxinzelelo apho igesi ikhutshwa kwi-exhaust port yempompo yokucoca ngexesha lokusebenza okuqhelekileyo.

④ Uxinzelelo lwangaphambili: Ixabiso eliphezulu loxinzelelo olufuna ukugcinwa kwi-exhaust port yempompo yokucoca ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okukhuselekileyo.

13. Indlela yokukhetha inkqubo yempompo ye-vacuum efanelekileyo?

① Umyinge wokumpompa wempompo yokufunxa uhambelana noxinzelelo oluthile lokungena lwempompo yokufunxa;

② Iimpompo zoomatshini, iimpompo zeRoots, kunye neepompo zokunyusa i-oyile azikwazi ukukhuphela ngokuthe ngqo kwi-atmosfera kwaye kufuneka zithembele kumpompo wenqanaba langaphambili ukuseka nokugcina uxinzelelo lwangaphambili olumiselweyo ukuze lusebenze ngokuqhelekileyo.

14. Kutheni ii-capacitors kufuneka zongezwe kwiisekethe zombane?

Ngenxa yomgama omkhulu phakathi kwekhoyili ye-induction kunye nemathiriyeli yesithando somlilo, ukuvuza kwamagnetic kubi kakhulu, i-magnetic flux eluncedo iphantsi kakhulu, kwaye amandla asebenzayo aphezulu. Ngoko ke, kwiisekethe ze-capacitive, okwangoku kukhokelela kumbane. Ukunciphisa impembelelo ye-inductance kunye nokuphucula amandla ombane, kuyimfuneko ukubandakanya inani elifanelekileyo lezikhongozeli zombane kwisekethe, ukwenzela ukuba i-capacitor kunye ne-inductor ikwazi ukuhambelana ngokufanayo, ngaloo ndlela iphucula amandla ombane we-coil induction.

15. Zingaphi iinxalenye zezona zixhobo ziphambili ze-vacuum induction furnace?

Igumbi lokunyibilikisa, igumbi lokugalela, inkqubo ye-vacuum, inkqubo yokubonelela ngombane.

16. Ngawaphi amanyathelo olondolozo lwenkqubo yokufunxa ngexesha lenkqubo yokunyibilikisa?

① Umgangatho we-oyile kunye nenqanaba le-oyile yempompo yokucoca iyinto eqhelekileyo;

② Isikrini sokucoca sibuyiselwa umva ngesiqhelo;

③ Ukutywinwa kwevalve nganye yokuzahlula kuqhelekile.

17. Ngawaphi amanyathelo okugcinwa kwenkqubo yonikezelo lombane ngexesha lenkqubo yokunyibilikisa?

① Ukushisa kwamanzi okupholisa kwe-capacitor kuqhelekileyo;

② Ubushushu be-oyile ye-transformer buqhelekileyo;

③ Ubushushu bamanzi okupholisa kwintambo buqhelekile.

18. Zeziphi iimfuneko zokunyibilika kwesithando se-vacuum induction furnace?

① Unozinzo oluphezulu lwe-thermal ukuphepha ukuqhekeka okubangelwa ukupholisa ngokukhawuleza kunye nokufudumeza;

② Unozinzo oluphezulu lweekhemikhali ukukhusela ukungcoliswa kwe-crucible ngezinto eziphikisayo;

③ Ukuba nokumelana nomlilo ophezulu okwaneleyo kunye namandla omgangatho wobushushu obuphezulu ukumelana namaqondo obushushu aphezulu kunye neempembelelo zemathiriyeli yesithando somlilo;

④ I-crucible kufuneka ibe ne-high density kunye ne-smooth work surface ukunciphisa indawo yokudibanisa phakathi kwe-crucible kunye ne-metal liquid, kunye nokunciphisa iqondo lokubambelela kweentsalela zetsimbi ebusweni be-crucible.

⑤ Ineempawu eziphezulu zokugquma;

⑥ Ukuncipha komthamo omncinci ngexesha lenkqubo ye-sintering;

⑦ Unokuguquka okuphantsi kunye nokuchasana okulungileyo kwi-hydration;

⑧ Izinto eziqhekezayo zinexabiso elincinci lokukhutshwa kwegesi.

⑨ I-crucible inemithombo eninzi yezinto kunye namaxabiso aphantsi.

19. Indlela yokuphucula ukusebenza kobushushu obuphezulu bee-crucibles?

① Ukunciphisa umxholo we-CaO kunye nomlinganiselo we-CaO/SiO2 kwisanti ye-MgO ukunciphisa ubungakanani besigaba solwelo kunye nokunyusa iqondo lobushushu apho isigaba solwelo senziwa.

② Ukuphucula ukuzinza kweenkozo zekristale.

③ Ukufezekisa imo elungileyo yokuhlaziya i-recrystallization kumaleko we-sintered, ukunciphisa i-porosity, ukunciphisa ububanzi bomda wengqolowa, kunye nokwenza isakhiwo se-mosaic, ukwenza indibaniselwano ethe ngqo yezigaba eziqinileyo neziqinileyo, ngaloo ndlela kuncitshiswa iziphumo ezinobungozi zesigaba solwelo.

20. Indlela yokukhetha ubungakanani obufanelekileyo bejometri ye-crucible?

① Ubukhulu bodonga lwe-crucible ngokuqhelekileyo yi-1/8 ukuya kwi-1/10 ye-diameter ye-crucible (eyenziwe);

② Ulwelo lwensimbi lubalelwa kwi-75% yomthamo we-crucible;

③ I-engile ye-R ijikeleze i-45 °;

④ Ubukhulu bomzantsi wesithando somlilo ngokuqhelekileyo amaxesha angama-1.5 odonga lwesithando somlilo.

21. Zeziphi izinto zokuncamathelisa ezidla ngokusetyenziswa xa kusenziwa amaqhina okuncamathela kwicrucible?

① Izinto eziphilayo: i-dextrin, i-pulp waste liquid, i-organic resin, njl.

② Izinto ezingaphiliyo: i-sodium silicate, i-brine, i-boric acid, i-carbonate, udongwe, njl.

22. Yintoni umsebenzi we-adhesive (H3BO3) ye-knotting crucibles?

I-Boric acid (H3BO3) inokususa bonke ubumanzi ngokufudumeza ngaphantsi kwe-300 ℃ phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, kwaye ibizwa ngokuba yi-boronic anhydride (B2O3).

① Kubushushu obuphantsi, ezinye iMgO kunye ne-Al2O3 zinokunyibilika zibe lulwelo lwe-B2O3 ukwenza uthotho lweemveliso zenguqu, ukukhawulezisa ukusasazwa kwesigaba esiqinileyo seMgO · Al2O3 kunye nokukhuthaza ukwenziwa kwakhona kwekristali, okubangela ukuba umaleko we-sintering we-crucible wenze kumaqondo obushushu asezantsi, ngaloo ndlela unciphisa ubushushu be-sintering.

② Ngokuthembela kwisiphumo sokunyibilika kunye nokudityaniswa kwe-boric acid kwiqondo lokushisa eliphakathi, umaleko we-sintered we-semi-sintered unokuqiniswa okanye amandla e-crucible ngaphambi kokuba i-sintering yesibini inganyuswa.

③ Kwisanti ye-magnesia equlethe i-CaO, ukusetyenziswa kwezibophelelo kunokucinezela ukuguqulwa kwekristale ye-2CaO · SiO2 ngaphantsi kwe-850 ℃.

23. Zeziphi iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokubumba izibonda zentsimbi?

Iindlela ezimbini.

① Ukwenziwa kwangaphambili ngaphandle kweziko; Emva kokuxuba izinto eziluhlaza (i-magnesium edibeneyo yombane okanye i-aluminium magnesium spinel refractory materials) kunye nomlinganiselo othile we-particle size size kunye nokukhetha i-adhesives efanelekileyo, zenziwe kwi-crucible mold ngokusebenzisa i-vibration kunye neenkqubo zoxinzelelo lwe-isostatic. Umzimba we-crucible womisiwe kwaye ucutshungulwe kwi-crucible prefabricated in a high-temperature tonnel kiln kunye neqondo lokushisa eliphezulu lokudubula ≥ 1700 ℃ × 8 iiyure.

② Ukubetha ngokuthe ngqo ngaphakathi kwiziko; Yongeza inani elifanelekileyo le-adhesive eqinileyo, njenge-boric acid, kwi-particle ye-particle size ratio, xuba ngokulinganayo, kwaye usebenzise i-tamping ukuze ufezekise ukuzaliswa okuxineneyo. Ngexesha le-sintering, ii-microstructures ezahlukeneyo zenziwe ngamaqondo okushisa ahlukeneyo kwindawo nganye.

24. Zingaphi iileya zesakhiwo se-sintering se-crucible eyenziwe, kwaye yintoni impembelelo kumgangatho we-crucible?

Ulwakhiwo lwe-sintering lwe-crucible lwahlulahlulwe lwaba ngamacandelo amathathu: i-sintering layer, i-semi sintering layer, kunye ne-loose layer.

I-Sintering layer: Ngexesha lenkqubo ye-oven, ubukhulu be-particle bufumana i-recrystallization. Ngaphandle kobungakanani besanti yesanti ephakathi kwiqondo lokushisa eliphantsi, umlinganiselo wokuqala awunakubonwa konke, kwaye i-uniform kunye nesakhiwo esihle sinikezelwa. Imida yengqolowa incinci kakhulu, kwaye ukungcola kwabiwa kwakhona kwimida emitsha yeenkozo. Umaleko we-sintered yigobolondo enzima ebekwe kwindawo engaphakathi yodonga olunqamlekileyo, oludibanisa ngokuthe ngqo isinyithi esinyibilikisiweyo kwaye sithwala imikhosi eyahlukeneyo, ngoko ke olu luhlu lubaluleke kakhulu kwi-crucible.

Umaleko okhululekileyo: Ngexesha le-sintering, iqondo lobushushu elikufutshane ne-insulation layer liphantsi, kwaye isanti ye-magnesium ayinakuntywila okanye idityaniswe sisigaba seglasi, ihlale kwindawo ekhululekile ngokupheleleyo. Olu luhlu lubekwe kwindawo engaphandle ye-crucible kwaye lusebenza ezi njongo zilandelayo: okokuqala, ngenxa yesakhiwo sayo esikhululekile kunye nokungahambi kakuhle kwe-thermal, ubushushu obudluliselwe ukusuka eludongeni lwangaphakathi lwe-crucible ukuya ngaphandle luyancitshiswa, ukunciphisa ukulahleka kobushushu, ukubonelela nge-insulation, kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-thermal ngaphakathi kwe-crucible; Okwesibini, i-loose layer nayo iyileya ekhuselayo. Ngenxa yokuba umaleko we-sintered wenze iqokobhe kwaye udibana ngokuthe ngqo nentsimbi engamanzi, ithanda ukuqhekeka. Nje ukuba iqhekeke, isinyithi esinyibilikisiweyo solwelo siya kuphuma kwintanda, lo gama umaleko okhululekileyo ungafane ube nokuqhekeka ngenxa yesakhiwo sawo esixengayo. Ulwelo lwesinyithi oluphuma kuluhlu lwangaphakathi luvalwe yiyo, lubonelela ngokhuseleko kwindandatho yokuva; Okwesithathu, umaleko okhululekileyo usesisithintelo. Ngenxa yokuba umaleko we-sintered uye waba liqokobhe eliqinileyo, ukwanda komthamo kunye nokucutheka kwenzeka xa kushushu kwaye kupholile. Ngenxa yolwakhiwo oluxengaxengayo lomaleko okhululekileyo, ludlala indima ephazamisayo ekutshintsheni umthamo we-crucible.

Umaleko osinkiweyo (okwaziwa ngokuba ngumaleko wenguqu): ubekwe phakathi komaleko osintered kunye nomaleko okhululekileyo, wahlulwe wangamacandelo amabini. Kufuphi ne-sintered layer, ubumdaka bunyibilika kwaye busasazeke okanye bubophene ngamasuntswana esanti ye-magnesium. Isanti ye-Magnesium iphinda ihlaziywe ngokuyinxenye, kwaye amasuntswana esanti amakhulu abonakala exinene ngakumbi; Amalungu akufutshane ne-loose layer ahlanganiswe ngokupheleleyo kunye ne-adhesive. I-semi sintered layer isebenza njengezombini umaleko osintered kunye nomaleko okhululekileyo.

25. Indlela yokukhetha inkqubo yenkqubo ye-oven?

① Ubukhulu bobushushu be-oveni: Xa ubukhulu be-insulation ye-crucible crucible yi-5-10mm, kwi-magnesia edibeneyo yombane, i-sintered layer ithatha kuphela i-13-15% yobukhulu be-crucible xa ibhakwe kwi-1800 ℃. Xa ubhaka kwi-oven ye-2000 ℃, yenza i-24-27%. Ukuqwalasela amandla obushushu obuphezulu be-crucible, kungcono ukuba nokushisa kwe-oven ephezulu, kodwa akulula ukuphakama kakhulu. Xa iqondo lobushushu lingaphezulu kwe-2000 ℃, lenza i-honeycomb efana nesakhiwo ngenxa ye-sublimation ye-magnesium oxide okanye ukucutha kwe-magnesium oxide ngekhabhoni, kunye nokuphinda kuphinde kubekho i-magnesium oxide. Ngoko ke, ubushushu be-oven ephezulu kufuneka ilawulwe ngaphantsi kwe-2000 ℃.

② Izinga lokufudumala: Kwinqanaba lokuqala lokufudumeza, ukuze kususwe ngokufanelekileyo umswakama kwizinto eziphikisayo, ukufudumala okwaneleyo kufuneka kuqhutywe. Ngokubanzi, izinga lokufudumeza kufuneka licothe ngaphantsi kwe-1500 ℃; Xa ubushushu beziko lomlilo bufikelela ngaphezulu kwe-1500 ℃, isanti yemagnethi edityanisiweyo yombane iqalisa ukurhawula. Ngeli xesha, amandla aphezulu kufuneka asetyenziswe ukutshisa ngokukhawuleza ukuya kubushushu obulindelekileyo be-oven.

③ Ixesha lokufakwa kwe-insulation: Emva kokuba iqondo lokushisa lesithando somlilo lifikelela kwelona qondo liphezulu lobushushu be-oven, ukugqunyelelwa kufuneka kuqhutywe kwelo qondo lobushushu. Ixesha le-insulation lihluka ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwesithando somlilo kunye nezinto eziphathekayo, njengemizuzu eyi-15-20 yombane omncinci oncibilikayo we-magnesium crucibles kunye ne-30-40 imizuzu yombane omkhulu kunye ophakathi kwe-magnesium crucibles.

Ngoko ke, izinga lokushisa ngexesha le-oven kunye nokubhaka kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu lokubhaka kufuneka lilungiswe ngokufanelekileyo